Atheism is an inevitable logical conclusion of skepticism, which had existed thousands of years before Darwin published his work.
You also have to keep in mind of the period we're talking about. Relatively right before Darwin's time, people were still being persecuted for plasphemy for godsake. And relatively around Darwin's time, for the first time in history religion started having less influence on the states. It was a perfect timing for competing ideas to emerge without being squashed by the church.
I'd say that atheism would still exist and thrive even if there is no theory of evolution.