ok, the neanderthal man turned out to be an old guy wit arthritis,
There's a number of Neanderthal skeletons, and the only one with arthritis are the ones that were old when they died. How could arthritis result in a massivly larger brain than Homo sapiens? When was the last time you saw arthritis make someone's brain larger?
what did we evolve from?
Apes, because we're still apes. We evolved from the ancestor of apes, which was an ape.
Apes aren't monkeys. Monkeys have tails, for instance.
and just what is it that stops it from mating wit other rats?
The extra chromosomes. It's the same reason you can't mate with a gorilla.
are blacks a diferent specie from us?
Can they mate with people of other races? There's your answer, then. If they can mate with humans, they're humans. If Asian people stopped being able to mate with anybody but Asians, they'd be a new species.
We gave you the definition of species. Is there are reason you refuse to apply it?