1. How is consciousness produced by the various parts of the brain.
We have no real idea.
2. What consciousness is, its nature, how it can be defined.
How can you define something when we don't what it is? Or definition would be as useful as an ancient Greek philosopher defining a Quark.
3. Why is consciousness required by our brain, when similar outcomes could be achieved (apparently) through a non conscious process.
I think it's astonishingly unlikely that your premise is correct; I do not believe the effects of consciousness can be effectively implemented by biological systems without consciousness. It's far too apparently complicated too simply be a non-adaptive side effect.
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