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1. How is consciousness produced by the various parts of the brain.
We really don't know.
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2. What consciousness is, its nature, how it can be defined.
I think the best thing is to wait until we work out how it works - only then can we really understand what it is. This may take a long time unfortunately!
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3. Why is consciousness required by our brain, when similar outcomes could be achieved (apparently) through a non conscious process.
Why do you say that? Awareness of self can be an important input to decision making.