We have a number of threads discussing the origin of the universe we see.
I suggest reading over those in the "Big Bang and Cosmology" forum.
If you can get a copy from your library the book "The Big Bang" by Singh is at a reasonable starting level.
Your opening post, as it stands, covers too many topics to be promoted.
The big bang is reasonably well understood. What caused the conditions that gave rise to it are more unknown than known so the whole answer might just be "we don't know". However, it wasn't from "nothing". However, if you want to avoid what you might think is "mumbo jumbo" then don't ask for a definition of "nothing". It seems (ask the cosmologists here) thst "nothing" isn't what you think it is.
As for the formation of the sun and earth after that, we understand the physics involved there pretty darned well and you can read up on that in books. It hasn't been much of a discussion item here because there isn't really anything controversial.
I suspect you think this issue is some problem for evolutionary biology. You should note that big bangs, stars and planets are not biological so the physics is very far removed from evolution.
The details of how our planet got to be the way it is do involve biology of course.
So you have three huge topics in your OP. I suggest you take your questions on each to appropriate threads.