|
Register | Sign In |
|
QuickSearch
Thread ▼ Details |
|
|
Author | Topic: What exactly is ID? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Smooth Operator Member (Idle past 5409 days) Posts: 630 Joined: |
quote:And you can ask me 4 more times, and my answer will be the same. You first have to tell me how do we agree on what is confirmed design, and what is not. BY criteria is CSI, your's is not. So now what? quote:How is my question of how do we agree on a confirmation ducking and dodging? quote:I can't becaue you don't accept it as a valid design inference. So we are stuck. quote:CSI detects design in genereal, not just in living organisms.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Smooth Operator Member (Idle past 5409 days) Posts: 630 Joined: |
quote:The fact that all mater tends to disorders is equally well applied to the genome. I se absolutely no reason why a genome would be special. It tends to disorder, not order. I'm simply extrapolating from a well known natural law to a particular object. quote:That's great. Now you can tell us all about it. Well than, please do tell us why in the world is the genome the only entety in the universe that does not follow the 2nd law. quote:By saying there is not genetic entropy, yes, you are claiming just that. Because that means you are sayign that the 2nd law, does nto applie to the genome. quote:No. To be precise, he means the degradation of biological functions. Mostly casued by nearly neutral mutations, than deleterious mutations, and last by some beneficial mutations. And I know what I'm talking about because I actually have the book. Do you? quote:Of course we do, but on a smaller scale. quote:I have the book, I knwo what he is talking about. quote:Tell that to all the extinct species around the world. Why do you think they are extinct? Becasue evolution works as you think it does, or becasue it doesn't? quote:Anyone who know anything in biology knows how to measure the amount of genetic information. Any biological function encoded in the genome is measured in bits. Any event that decreases the original function, is the increase in entropy. quote:He is an evolutionist, not a creationist. But not a darwinist. Do you think that the word "Evolution" EQUALS "darwinian evolution"? Well, you see, no it doesn't. There are many different theories of how evolution works. And you are the one who is claiming that the darwinian one is the true one. Kimura disagreed with that. quote:http://home.planet.nl/~gkorthof/kortho37.htm quote:Don't mind if I do. EvC Forum: Message Peek
quote:Great. Now show me some evidence. Where does this happen in real life, and how good is it. quote:1.) You know life is billions of years old becasue...? 2.) Even if it was it would just mean that the mechanism that keep life going are efficient enough to keep it going for such a long time. But that doesn't mena the entropy is not building up. Life could be areound for lot longer than that, for 10 billion years, 20 billion years, or 100 or more billion years, and than vanish in a genetic meltdown. The time life is going to go on depends on the efficiency of selection. But however efficient it is, it inevitably has to experience geentic meltdown. The only way it wouldn't is if selection was infinitely efficient. Which we know is not.
quote:Well, that's just me. Get used to it. quote:Or a more simple explanation would be that I never backpedaled in the first palce. quote:No. Heritable change is not an evolutionary mechanism. That is, not for the kind of evolution is are implying. You are championing darwinian evolution. Which can not take it's evidence from non-rndom mutations. quote:But that is false becasue it didn't happen. Regulating an already existing gene is not evolution. Tuning an already existing function is not gaining a new function. The original function was to digest citrate. The bacteria is still doing that, but now in the presence of oxygen. ALL, and I do mean ALL the needed mechanisms that bacteria needed was already there. The bacteria gained nothing new to do this job. quote:I had to show you an analogy, to explain to you how confused you are. You are confusing adding totally new traits and mechanisms with simple tuning of already existing ones.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Smooth Operator Member (Idle past 5409 days) Posts: 630 Joined: |
quote:But what we clearly do know, is that the one that it had is now lost. quote:You simply said that Dembski didn't follow his own steps. Which it totally false. quote:And than I told you fine, I'll do the new calculation. You just need to tell me what exactly do you want. quote:And I did, becasue D* is the specified pattern in question. It's the "bidirectional rotary motor-driven propeller" consisting of 50 proteins. quote:But that's not a detachable patternt. Becasue 499 coins could be heads, so could 498, 400, 333 etc... You need to get something like a Fibonacci sequence to infer design. quote:Well it had to be put in at some point in time, and some point is space. Where that was we do not know. But I'm not claiming that it is being inputed right now. I'm claiming that all desgin we see now is a copy of teh original one. quote:Why should we not be able to detect design in afully automated process? The information had to be inputed at some point in time. quote:ARRRGH!!!! Yes, all of them. If mutations suck so much, than their effective frequency is zero. If it's a bit better than it's 1%, if it's bit more better than it's 2% etc. With the best possible mutation being in 100% of the population. So now tell me, if we know that this applies to frequencies of alleles for hair color, and eye color, do you not agree that this alos applies to frequencies of sickle cell?
quote:Whatever it is kept in a certain frequency by is irrelevant to me. The fact is that just like any other mutation it is kept at a certain frequency. quote:So no matter how much examples I provide you are not convinced. Tell me, why should I bother with you anymore? quote:There is a lot of concernt becasue the byproducts are the ones that are casueing geentic entropy. quote:Umm... not. There is noise during selection which maeks your view of evolution primitive and childish. The efficiency of selection is not infinite, it actually sucks very much. There fore, beneficial mutations do not spread, and deleterious do nto get removed all the time. quote:Actually, it shows that for the duration of experiment the mutations casued the chains to get shorter and shorter. And those are the ones that spread more and more. The longer ones died out faster. So the population of RNA chains was losing their complexity, and becoming simpler not more complex. So how in the world do you think this process could have ever evolved those chains into people? Genetic entropy at it's best.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Smooth Operator Member (Idle past 5409 days) Posts: 630 Joined: |
quote:The point is that any kind of binding affinity, when it gets degraded, it follows that the specificity gets reduced. Also causing the reduction of information, becasue the the reduction of specificity is reduction of one component of complex SPECIFIED information. quote:And why exactly is your example better? Both are a loss of information, so however you look at it they are fine examples.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PaulK Member Posts: 17991 Joined: Member Rating: 5.6 |
quote: Yet what you wrote - taken in context - did not mean that at all. It meant that you had provided examples of Dembski's CSI. Which is completely untrue. Indeed, if your current response is accurate, in your actual reply you should have denied using Dembski's CSI and offered some argument that eliminated natural patterns from your definition of CSI. Neither of which you did.
quote: Dembski is not a scientist.
quote: So far as I am aware the "majority usage" would be Dembski's since Dembski is the one who formulated and popularised the specific term and the acronym. And as I read on it becomes clear that your usage of CSI is an idiosyncratic usage that I have never seen before - it is neither of the two common definitions.
quote: Then - as I have pointed out- you have no sound basis for ruling out natural patterns. Indeed to make that claim you must beg the question by assuming that evolution is false.
quote: This seems to be a concept of information, since neither complexity nor specification play any role in the definition. Indeed, it seems of be a concept of semantic information, assuming intelligence in the receiver and transmitter. Or am I mistaken in thinking that the choice is supposed to be made by the transmitter, and that transmitter and receiver are supposed to understand the meaning of message ? After raising the issue of choice you fail to explain exactly where it fits into the definition. I will also note that this is completely different from the definition of information that you copied from wikipedia. In fact, it seems that you are using Dembski's terminology to make Gitt's arguments - and Gitt simply refers to information, not CSI. So at this point, it is clear that you are NOT using the majority definition of CSI. Your actual definition is unclear, and it is far from clear that CSI as you mean it is present in DNA.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PaulK Member Posts: 17991 Joined: Member Rating: 5.6 |
quote: Which, of course, I did not argue against.
quote: Simply denying the facts is hardly a road to productive discussion. If I am incorrect and Dembski did calculate the probability of P(D*) you need to demonstrate that.
quote: I already did that. You need to calculate the number of proteins that are no more than 20% different from each of the 50 used in the E Coli flagellum.\
quote: No. D* is the specification considered as an event. So it is ANY "bidirectional rotary motor-driven propeller" however many - or few - proteins are involved.
quote: Of course, the Caputo case involved nothing more than the Democrats taking first position on the ballot far more often than expected. There was no other pattern to the results. In fact your objection has nothing to do with detachability at all. All you are saying is that D* is much wider than E. But that is the reason WHY we need to use P(D*) - because P(D*) CAN be much higher than P(E) and thus the SPECIFIED information may be only a tiny fraction of the whole.
quote: Which rules out your claim:
The growth mechanisms are where the information was inputed.
quote: Because Dembski's method relies on detecting the input of information from a designer (as opposed to natural sources). Let me be clear, I am claiming that the operation of a fully automated process cannot be used to reliably detect design because it has a high probability of producing its output. It is certainly possible that the process itself might be designed and if it is, that you might - in principle - be able to use Dembski's method to detect it with reasonable reliability. (While Dembski's method has a number of problems, if the practical difficulties could be overcome, it might be usable as a decent argument for design - when applied correctly).
quote: So what you mean is that the alleles for hair colour and eye colour are neutral and the frequencies aren't changing much through selection or drift, and ask why that isn't the case for sickle-cell. The answer is that sickle-cell trait (heterozygous for sickle-cel) is quite strongly advantageous in malarial areas and mildly deleterious elsewhere, while the homozygous state is strongly deleterious everywhere.
quote: If you only want to talk to people who are convinced by your claims regardless of how poor your evidence is, then I suggest that you go to a creationist-run forum. I've already told you what sort of evidence you would need to produce. And any reasonable person would agree.
quote: Obviously you have not understood the position I am putting forward at all. I have not said that natural selection is perfect or that there is no noise. What I have said is that beneficial mutations have a greater chance of spreading - and the more beneficial they are the better their chances. And that deleterious mutations have a lower chance of spreading - and the more deleterious they are, the less their chances (in the extreme case of causing sterility or death before reproductive maturity, NO chance). This fact has to be taken into consideration, rather than simply shrugging it off.
quote: No, it is the exact opposite of genetic entropy. Genetic entropy supposedly degrades the fitness of the population until it is forced into extinction. In the Spiegelman monster case, mutations improved the population radically, to the point where the "monster" drove all other populations into extinction.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wounded King Member (Idle past 328 days) Posts: 4149 From: Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Joined: |
Also causing the reduction of information, becasue the the reduction of specificity is reduction of one component of complex SPECIFIED information. Only if you use your own crazy version of it, rather than one which has any relevance to actual biological function of the changing molecule! Alowing that CSI is represented in this system the specification surely resides with the genetic sequences allowing the production of Streptomycin with a structure allowing it to bind to ribosomal elements, not the other way around. You might argue that the change in the ribosomal element effectively reduces the information content of the streptomycin biosynthesis sequences, but I don't see how you can argue that it represents a loss of information for the ribosomal sequence. My example is better because it relates to actual deleterious functional effects to the ribosome, which the various informational metrics involving functionality we have discussed would probably all identify as a loss of functional information. Of course there is a counter-argument that we need to be able to calculate the potential gain of functional information that the resistance phenotype represents in order to determine if the informational change has led to a net loss or gain of information. TTFN, WK
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Admin Director Posts: 13123 From: EvC Forum Joined: |
Hi Smooth Operator,
Productive discussion on technical topics requires that people be willing to provide information and explain their position. Your approach seems to be to claim that the information and explanations have already been provided. If that is the case and you're really done arguing your position, then please stop posting to this thread. I'm also at a loss to understand how you can think messages like this one are acceptable after what I posted to you concerning your responses to Dr Adequate and PaulK. If responses like this are not acceptable when responding to them, then obviously they're not acceptable when responding to anybody. The goal of EvC Forum is to provide a venue where discussions actually get somewhere, and messages like this work against that goal. In case you'd like to continue discussion I provide this feedback:
Smooth Operator writes: quote:And you can ask me 4 more times, and my answer will be the same. You first have to tell me how do we agree on what is confirmed design, and what is not. BY criteria is CSI, your's is not. So now what? Nuggin is requesting that you provide an example of the application of *your* methodology. If you would like to continue discussion then since this seems like a reasonable request it would be appreciated if you would do so. Please, no replies to this message in this thread.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vacate Member (Idle past 4896 days) Posts: 565 Joined: |
Smooth Operator in message 102
We would than simply count the remaining base pairs, which describe this remaining pattern, and conclude that, let's say 750 bits of information code for the remaining parts. This means that 50 bits of information are lost. This type of claim seems provable, is it not? Sequence of an ancestor and current of any given species and a genetic loss should be apparent. The larger the gap from ancestor to present species should reveal a larger genetic loss. This sounds like a simple case of adding up the "bits" and Genetic Entropy becomes quite obvious. Edited by Vacate, : Added message number to the link.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Brad H Member (Idle past 5249 days) Posts: 81 Joined: |
Or am I mistaken in thinking that the choice is supposed to be made by the transmitter, and that transmitter and receiver are supposed to understand the meaning of message ? Choice is required in the origin of the information. However if an intelligent source forms a system that mechanically transmits the information, and a receiver that mechanically receives the information and utilizes it, then choice is not necessary with in the two mechanical systems. That was what I meant when I used the Wikipedia article which said, "Information is any type of pattern that influences the formation or transformation of other patterns. In this sense, there is no need for a conscious mind to perceive, much less appreciate, the pattern. Consider, for example, DNA. The sequence of nucleotides is a pattern that influences the formation and development of an organism without any need for a conscious mind." However choice can still be detected as the originator of the information by observing the direct interactions between the mechanical transmitter and receiver, even if the systems have self replicated and we are only able to observe the ancestors of the original systems. We can still recognize specific patterns being utilized to create specific conditions, to the exclusion of several others, that are received and utilized for a specific function. All other systems that we have ever observed in the whole of human history, that produce specified information, required an ability to make a choice. Therefore we can logically conclude that a choice was required (and detected) to form the specified information in DNA.
After raising the issue of choice you fail to explain exactly where it fits into the definition. Choice is the main ingredient necessary for intelligence. Intelligence is what is necessary to produce complex specified information. If we want to detect intelligence we have to detect the ability to choose. One way to detect that is by looking for a condition that was activated to the exclusion of several other conditions, in such a way that the condition has a significant meaning to both the transmitter and the receiver. It does not matter what medium is used to transmit the information as long as it is understood by the transmitter and the receiver to mean the same thing. When we hear someone belch we normally don't recognize it as the transmission of information. However I have a buddy who can belch the alphabet. If information can be transmitted in belches, I have no problem saying it can be transmitted within organic material such as nucleotides. In this case we have a mechanical transmission, a medium, and a reception taking place, of csi, which is evidence for choice/intelligence.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PaulK Member Posts: 17991 Joined: Member Rating: 5.6 |
quote: So, just to be clear, are you including a requirement for an intelligent choice in your definition of information ? Because that is nowhere in the Wikipedia definition you quoted.
quote: However, such an inference is very weak because it pretty much ignores everything else we know about DNA and instead uses a comparison with quite different systems - all of them human created. In fact we know that the DNA "instructions" can and do change with no sign of a designer intervening. Even antibiotic resistance can be seen as a specification, as can the colour change of the Peppered Moth. Yet we see no sign of any intelligent choice in the development of these.
quote: This does not explain what role choice plays in the definition. Are you asserting that your definition of complex specified origination requires that it originates with an intelligent choice ? If not, just where does it fit in ? Until we have settled your definition (which currently looks like Gitt information and not like any common formulation of CSI) we cannot say that DNA contains CSI or that intelligence is required to produce it.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Admin Director Posts: 13123 From: EvC Forum Joined: |
Hi Smooth Operator,
I'm requesting that henceforward you respond to the arguments being made rather than slicing people's messages up into short fragments and responding to each fragment. You also usually respond in rhetorical fashion, and you should instead begin responding with information and explanations. Allow me to be specific about a few instances.
Smooth Operator writes: quote:I have the book, I knwo what he is talking about. In effect you're saying, "I have the book, you'll just have to take my word for it," and this is just another instance of you refusing to provide information. The only information on the Internet people are able to find does not mention beneficial mutations as a contributor to increasing genetic entropy. Since Sanford's book contains this missing information, and since you are in possession of the book, please provide a relevant excerpt or two.
quote:Tell that to all the extinct species around the world. Why do you think they are extinct? Becasue evolution works as you think it does, or becasue it doesn't? This is a rhetorical response, an expression of skepticism with no information. Please explain how beneficial mutations might drive a species to extinction.
quote:He is an evolutionist, not a creationist. But not a darwinist. Do you think that the word "Evolution" EQUALS "darwinian evolution"? Well, you see, no it doesn't. There are many different theories of how evolution works. And you are the one who is claiming that the darwinian one is the true one. Kimura disagreed with that. I want you to exert more effort staying on topic. These unsupported claims about Kimura and about evolution will now stop in this thread. Kimura accepted descent with modification and natural selection, which is Darwin's theory. If you wish to argue otherwise then take it to the threads discussing Kimura or propose a new thread.
quote:Don't mind if I do. EvC Forum: Message Peek The original question was how you measure genetic information. Message 102 doesn't really explain the approach you yourself use, other than an informal one that implies changes in information content from observation of changes in function. The point people are trying to discuss with you is how you measure (not guestimate) information when determining changes in genetic entropy, and they can't do that if you keep saying, "I already explained that," especially when you haven't. I can spare no more time moderating you. Keep in mind that those who become too big a drain on moderator resources tend to begin drawing longer and longer suspensions just because of concern for our limited moderator resources. Your return to this thread has forced me to recuse myself from participation in a thread where I was enjoying the discussion, and I'm not happy about this, and am especially not happy about your expression of apparent enjoyment of my misery in Message 556. If I don't see renewed effort at constructively communicating your position then suspension could result. Please, no replies to this message in this thread.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Admin Director Posts: 13123 From: EvC Forum Joined: |
Hi Brad H,
I'm going to continue to try to clarify for you what I think people are looking for.
Brad H writes: Merely meaning that, I do have examples of csi (nucleotide arrangement), and I had already given them as an example. I don't recall seeing these examples, and I expect others may also be having trouble recalling them. Could you please either cut-n-paste these examples into a new message, or provide links to the old messages where you provided them, including enough information to locate them within your messages.
So detecting csi is not as simple as having a meter we can hook up, but it is detectable nonetheless. People are already aware that you believe CSI is detectable. What they are asking you is how.
And as I said before, we have detected a high degree of csi in the DNA code of all living organisms. People are already aware that you believe CSI has already been detected in living organisms. What they are asking you for is specifics. Which organisms, what was the method, and how was the method applied? Please, no replies to this message in this thread.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dr Adequate Member Posts: 16113 Joined: |
The fact that all mater tends to disorders is equally well applied to the genome. I guess it is equally false whatever you're talking about. If you really know damn-all about thermodynamics, I suggest that you study thermodynamics. Stop me if I'm going to fast for you.
That's great. Now you can tell us all about it. Well than, please do tell us why in the world is the genome the only entety in the universe that does not follow the 2nd law. As I have told you, there is nothing in genetics, least of all the existence of the genome, which implies that one can construct a refrigerator without a power source.
By saying there is not genetic entropy, yes, you are claiming just that. Because that means you are sayign that the 2nd law, does nto applie to the genome. No I am not. Listen carefully. Your fantasy of "genetic entropy", which you cannot define, has nothing to do with the theory of thermodynamics. If you called it "genetic weight", it would have nothing to do with the theory of gravity. If you called it "genetic electrical charge", it would have nothing to do with Maxwell's equations. The fact that you have chosen to describe your vague and nebulous fantasy in terms that have real meaning in a real science does not magically mean that your daydream has anything to do with that science.
No. To be precise, he means the degradation of biological functions. Mostly casued by nearly neutral mutations, than deleterious mutations, and last by some beneficial mutations. And I know what I'm talking about because I actually have the book. Do you? I know that you are not telling the truth, because I have read what Sanford has to say. Your error is a different error from Sanford's error. He may be completely wrong --- in fact, let's not beat about the bush, he is --- but he is nowhere near being as hopelessly, ludicrously wrong as you are.
Of course we do, but on a smaller scale. Of course we don't. This is why you are unable to produce any evidence for your fantasies.
I have the book, I knwo what he is talking about. Then why can you not quote Sanford saying the same thing as you are? Oh, oh, I know. Because his trash is different from your trash.
Tell that to all the extinct species around the world. Why do you think they are extinct? Becasue evolution works as you think it does, or becasue it doesn't? Because it works exactly like I think it does. Which is why there are species that are not extinct.
Anyone who know anything in biology knows how to measure the amount of genetic information. Any biological function encoded in the genome is measured in bits. Any event that decreases the original function, is the increase in entropy. So, you're back to a definition of genetic entropy whereby the increase of this quantity, which you are unable to measure, is not opposed to evolution and is in fact an inevitable consequence of it.
He is an evolutionist, not a creationist. But not a darwinist. Do you think that the word "Evolution" EQUALS "darwinian evolution"? Well, you see, no it doesn't. There are many different theories of how evolution works. And you are the one who is claiming that the darwinian one is the true one. If you tell me falsehoods about what I am claiming, you will not succeed in deceiving me.
Kimura disagreed with that. Like Kimura, I agree that there were things that Darwin didn't know. And, like Kimura, I think that creationism is bullshit.
Don't mind if I do. I wouldn't mind if you did. Put up or shut up.
Great. Now show me some evidence. Where does this happen in real life, and how good is it. It's so good that the "genetic meltdown" in Sanford's fantasies does not in fact happen.
1.) You know life is billions of years old becasue...? ... of this stuff called "evidence"
2.) Even if it was it would just mean that the mechanism that keep life going are efficient enough to keep it going for such a long time. But that doesn't mena the entropy is not building up. Well, if you want to fantasize that one day this genetic meltdown will take place, feel free. But this fantasy does not contradict the actual history of life on Earth.
Or a more simple explanation would be that I never backpedaled in the first palce. This explanation, while it might be "simple", or even downright retarded, is not congruent with the facts.
No. Heritable change is not an evolutionary mechanism. You inadvertently said something true. Heritable change is not an "evolutionary mechanism". Heritable change is evolution. Any mechanism by which it takes place is an evolutionary mechanism. Incidentally, do you have any evidence for your claim that the particular evolutionary mechanism involved was a transposon, or is this just something you made up?
But that is false becasue it didn't happen. If you wish to retreat into hysterical denial about plain facts in biology, then may I suggest that this board is perhaps the very worst place for you to do so? The bacteria couldn't do something. Then they could, as a result of a genetic change. This is evolution.
I had to show you an analogy, to explain to you how confused you are. You had to talk gibberish to pretend that I was confused. I am not confused. This is why you couldn't argue with what I actually said, but had to argue with some incoherent trash about televisions which you made up in your head. Because as you well know, you're not going to get anywhere arguing with people about genetics, a subject of which you are pitifully ignorant. Edited by Dr Adequate, : No reason given.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Brad H Member (Idle past 5249 days) Posts: 81 Joined: |
So, just to be clear, are you including a requirement for an intelligent choice in your definition of information ? Because that is nowhere in the Wikipedia definition you quoted.
No, I am saying that (a) intelligence is required for the origination of information, and (b) it is not necessary for the continued transmission of information. And that does fit the Wiki def. The nucleotides precise arrangement influence development of the organism. One pattern influences the development of another with out the need for intelligence to be present.
In fact we know that the DNA "instructions" can and do change with no sign of a designer intervening. Even antibiotic resistance can be seen as a specification, as can the colour change of the Peppered Moth. Yet we see no sign of any intelligent choice in the development of these.
The changes we "know" that occur in the DNA are just as you said, changes with no sign of a designer. But they are not changes that can explain its origin as a whole to begin with. You mention atibiotic resistance. What actually transpired in these cases is the antibiotic has removed most of the bacterial population except for a few hardy individuals who have a recessive resistant gene. This gene heretofore not employed and not expressed in the population, now lets the survivors suddenly flourish in an atmosphere that has exterminated their relatives. This situation will often reverse over time as a new medicine kills the first survivors. But the point to this scenario is that the bacteria maneuver only with the genes already in the gene pool, or genetic combination's normally appearing after conjugation, and not with true mutations. Likewise in the peppered moth situation, natural selection maneuvers back and forth between already existing alleles in the gene pool population. These are not cases where an altogether new gene has been "written" by random processes into the DNA code. These adaptive features can only explain the survival of the species, but not the existence of the species. In fact they would even fit well into a creationist model as a "design" feature for the purpose of survival.
|
|
|
Do Nothing Button
Copyright 2001-2023 by EvC Forum, All Rights Reserved
Version 4.2
Innovative software from Qwixotic © 2025