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Author Topic:   Genuine Puzzles In Biology?
Taq
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Posts: 9973
Joined: 03-06-2009
Member Rating: 5.7


Message 106 of 153 (594425)
12-03-2010 12:15 PM
Reply to: Message 100 by New Cat's Eye
12-02-2010 5:11 PM


Re: Amygdala & Fear
they're called "bearings"
I did say that earlier in the thread. The difference between the modern skateboard bearings and the older bearings is that there is a gap between the bearings in the older models which allows them to rattle around.
But to get back to pattern recognition, I think it is a holistic thing. I remember quite vividly the moment I put the rattling and the rustling together. What popped in my head was the picture of a snake, immediately followed by intense panic. And yes, it made me feel like an absolute fool. I think it is a matter of having just enough information to trigger the response.

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herebedragons
Member (Idle past 857 days)
Posts: 1517
From: Michigan
Joined: 11-22-2009


Message 107 of 153 (594427)
12-03-2010 12:20 PM
Reply to: Message 92 by Akhlut
12-01-2010 3:02 PM


Re: Ophiocordyceps
Its not that I doubt what you are saying or arguing against your points, but you make it sound so simple and straight forward and it is just not as simple as your explaination would imply.
but it rests on simple neurotransmittor usage on the part of the fungus to get the desired behavior in the ant.
First, although the ant does have a fairly simple brain, it still has over 250,000 brain cells - no small feat to hyjack and manipulate in such a way to get the desired behavior. It would take a tremendous amount of trial and error.
The ant don't just "climb to the highest point" but climb to just the height the fungus likes to be at to release its spores and on the proper side of the plant. The fungus then disolves the ant innards but leaves the muscles holding the mandibles intact and thus preventing the ant carcass from dropping to the forest floor and failing to release its spores.
quote:
Having successfully taken over an ant, the fungus compels it to leave its normal haunts high in the forest canopy and directs the unfortunate insect down into the dark, moist basement layers of the jungle. There the luckless creature is compelled to clamber onto the underside of a leaf in the O unilateralis' favoured location for reproduction - some 25cm above the ground, on the northwestern side of the tree or plant in question.
Once in such a location, the dying ant is made to clamp its mandibles - jaws - firmly shut onto the leaf, and then hangs lifelessly from them to become a food supply and home for the burgeoning, ghastly fungus-children within. Most of the insect's innards are gradually converted into food and consumed, but the muscles holding the mandibles shut are cunningly left alone.
Brain-jacking fungus turns living victims into 'zombies' The Register
I don't believe fungi have neurotranmitters of their own, but release chemicals that bind to host neurotranmitters effectively short circuiting them. Not as simple to get a very specific behavior - and this behavior is very specific not just general wandering around and clamping onto a plant leaf. Its not like they have eaten a "magic mushroom" and are going crazy with halucinations.
Alleles that control for the structure of the brain and the release of certain neurotransmittors.
I realize you are probably just simplifing for the sake of space and explaination time, but come on, a one sentence explaination for memory and instinct? How do these alleles code for a specific memory? How does the genetic code specify a particular image implant or an instinctive behavior?
Those ancestors of yours who happened to be afraid of snakes and spiders were more likely to survive than their relatives who did not feel such a fear.
Do you really believe that snakes and spiders presented that great of a selective pressure on our ancestors? Perhaps in certain parts of the world there is greater pressure, but overall, I can't imagine there is enough selective pressure to drive adaptive phobias.
Idk, maybe you could develop one of these topics a bit rather than saying nothing about everything.

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Replies to this message:
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Taq
Member
Posts: 9973
Joined: 03-06-2009
Member Rating: 5.7


Message 108 of 153 (594430)
12-03-2010 12:25 PM
Reply to: Message 107 by herebedragons
12-03-2010 12:20 PM


Re: Ophiocordyceps
Do you really believe that snakes and spiders presented that great of a selective pressure on our ancestors? Perhaps in certain parts of the world there is greater pressure, but overall, I can't imagine there is enough selective pressure to drive adaptive phobias.
If these phobias are ingrained deep in our evolutionary history, then yes it is very possible. Many of the mammals that made it through the K/T extinction event were small, burrowing, nocturnal mammals which are the very description of a snake's favorite prey.
Edited by Taq, : No reason given.

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Akhlut
Junior Member (Idle past 4698 days)
Posts: 6
From: Illnois, US
Joined: 06-16-2010


Message 109 of 153 (594468)
12-03-2010 2:09 PM
Reply to: Message 107 by herebedragons
12-03-2010 12:20 PM


Re: Ophiocordyceps
herebedragons First, although the ant does have a fairly simple brain, it still has over 250,000 brain cells - no small feat to hyjack and manipulate in such a way to get the desired behavior. It would take a tremendous amount of trial and error.
Fungi tend to have really small generation times, so they'd have plenty of time to engage in such "trial and error."
The ant don't just "climb to the highest point" but climb to just the height the fungus likes to be at to release its spores and on the proper side of the plant. The fungus then disolves the ant innards but leaves the muscles holding the mandibles intact and thus preventing the ant carcass from dropping to the forest floor and failing to release its spores.
Okay, I oversimplified a bit and was basing things off of memory. Mea culpa.
I don't believe fungi have neurotranmitters of their own, but release chemicals that bind to host neurotranmitters effectively short circuiting them. Not as simple to get a very specific behavior - and this behavior is very specific not just general wandering around and clamping onto a plant leaf. Its not like they have eaten a "magic mushroom" and are going crazy with halucinations.
It's still rather simple behavior, though: climb to a certain height, clamp on, and then sit there. Most of this can be achieved through changing photopreference on behalf of the ant and then forcing a bite reaction once a preferred height is reached.
I realize you are probably just simplifing for the sake of space and explaination time, but come on, a one sentence explaination for memory and instinct? How do these alleles code for a specific memory? How does the genetic code specify a particular image implant or an instinctive behavior?
They don't code for memory, but for instinct: two distinctly different things.
Anyway, because instincts are hundreds/thousands of discrete behaviors, it is difficult to generalize beyond "alleles control brain structure, hormones, and neurotransmittors," however, I can use some examples. For instance, in most mammals, being monogamous or polygamous is a very instinctual behavior, insofar as if a species follows one strategy, it is unlikely to follow the other all that much. Apparently, at least in rodents, vasopressin mediates monogamy to a large extent; thus, if you introduce a gene that strongly expresses vasopressin in a vole species that are normally polygamous, they'll be much more likely to be monogamous after the introduction of that gene. ( http://www.sciencedaily.com/...ases/2001/09/010917075347.htm )
To speak about phobias: I, personally, am unsure how phobias to certain stimuli would be more genetically prevalent (i.e. how fear of snakes in specific would function from a genetic perspective), however, fear in mice has at least a partial genetic component: Genetic relationship between anxiety-related and fear-related behaviors in BXD recombinant inbred mice - PubMed From this, we can conclude that there are genetic components to fear in general, and it can probably create susceptability to more specific fears (snakes, spiders, heights, whatever).
Do you really believe that snakes and spiders presented that great of a selective pressure on our ancestors? Perhaps in certain parts of the world there is greater pressure, but overall, I can't imagine there is enough selective pressure to drive adaptive phobias.
Snakes: definitely. Our primate ancestors lived in Asia and Africa for tens of millions of years alongside very dangerous snakes (large constrictors and highly venomous snakes), thus making a fear of snakes a very rational trait to evolve. Hence, phobias of snakes existing in numerous other primate species. Arachnophobia has probably been much less selective since our ancestors became larger, but it may also not have been selected against, and thus remained semi-fixed in the population.

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herebedragons
Member (Idle past 857 days)
Posts: 1517
From: Michigan
Joined: 11-22-2009


Message 110 of 153 (594529)
12-03-2010 8:06 PM
Reply to: Message 108 by Taq
12-03-2010 12:25 PM


Re: Ophiocordyceps
If these phobias are ingrained deep in our evolutionary history, then yes it is very possible
I don't have a lot of confidence in the explanatory power of statements such as this. For example, why would the fear of snakes be deeply ingrained but other survival instincts you mentioned - burrowing, nocturnal - be lost? I think I can anticipate the answer ... because they were no longer needed. Couldn't the same be said for instinctive fear of snakes and spiders? What about the fear of hawks flying over head? and so on ...
My daughter is terrified by spiders, but not by snakes. Is it because of a deeply ingrained instinct? She didn't inherit it from me - maybe her mother. Maybe its because she saw a program on Animal Planet about spiders that frightened her. But she has seen those same kind of programs about snakes too. So is it learned or instinctive? My 3 year old is leery (but not quite afraid) of spiders, but he calls almost every thing that creeps and crawls a spider. I think its more of just being uncomfortable with creatures that are different and a bit creepy (although the idea of what is "creepy" may be kind of instinctive). Some children are afraid of hamsters, horses and even bunnies; none of which should be perceived as a threat by our ancient instincts.
Don't get me wrong, there definitely is a connection between biology and behavior. Programming of instincts by genetic factors is undeniable. However explaining them is much more difficult. Humans being such social creatures makes it that much more complicated. I did a paper on Nature verses Nurture last year and there is just about an equal case to be built for either side. So do we learn fear or is it built in. Probably both.
Wait, what was the topic of this thread...? Oh yeah, genuine puzzles in biology. I would say that both issues, instincts and phobias are still genuine puzzles. Yeah we have learned stuff about both topics, but we really know almost nothing compared to what there is to know. My mammalian ancestors being snake bait millions of years ago doesn't begin to explain it for me.

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Replies to this message:
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William Rea
Junior Member (Idle past 2621 days)
Posts: 12
Joined: 12-23-2007


Message 111 of 153 (594628)
12-04-2010 5:18 AM
Reply to: Message 105 by Dr Adequate
12-03-2010 12:11 PM


Re: Everything Is!
Yes, we had the misfortune to meet on that particular forum, which is probably best left in the past. I knew you posted over here but I have seen that this forum reins in the worst of the excesses permitted over there.
I've been a member here for a long time but usually only read the topics because as I said, Biology has largely passed me by. I am a huge fan of Dawkins and was once a huge fan of Randi until my experiences over at the JREF made me reconsider my position on him.
What happened to the Severus Snape avatar?

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Dr Adequate
Member (Idle past 284 days)
Posts: 16113
Joined: 07-20-2006


Message 112 of 153 (594629)
12-04-2010 5:40 AM
Reply to: Message 111 by William Rea
12-04-2010 5:18 AM


Re: Everything Is!
Yes, we had the misfortune to meet on that particular forum, which is probably best left in the past. I knew you posted over here but I have seen that this forum reins in the worst of the excesses permitted over there.
It sounds like you have a story to tell.
I've been a member here for a long time but usually only read the topics because as I said, Biology has largely passed me by. I am a huge fan of Dawkins and was once a huge fan of Randi until my experiences over at the JREF made me reconsider my position on him.
Well, you know, Randi himself has never had anything to do with the JREF forums. In fact, he doesn't even run the JREF itself any more. Just because it's named after him doesn't mean that he personally approves of everything that happens on the forums that he has never administered of the institution that he is no longer in charge of.
What happened to the Severus Snape avatar?
I just like the "A" avatar better. Apart from anything else, some people thought that the Snape avatar was a picture of me, rather than realizing that it's a picture of the actor Alan Rickman. It's a bit of a let-down when they discover that in real life I'm small, shy, boyish, and have a tendency to giggle.
Edited by Dr Adequate, : No reason given.

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herebedragons
Member (Idle past 857 days)
Posts: 1517
From: Michigan
Joined: 11-22-2009


Message 113 of 153 (594656)
12-04-2010 12:15 PM
Reply to: Message 109 by Akhlut
12-03-2010 2:09 PM


Re: Ophiocordyceps
Thanks Akhlut
I just find it kind of frustrating when very complex issues are waved away as simple as if we know everything there is to know about it, when we really know very little.
It's still rather simple behavior, though: climb to a certain height, clamp on, and then sit there.
I just don't see this as simple behavior. Simple maybe compared to migration instincts, or mating rituals or driving a car. We have a fungus, without any intelligence, able to grow within an ant's brain, overpower the ant's natural instincts, reprogram them to its own purposes (even accepting that its purposes evolved along with the ant's behavior) and is able to avoid digesting the muscles that clamp the mandibles. The whole scenario is absolutely amazing.
I am not suggesting that there is anything magical or supernatural. I am sure there is a biological explanation, but we don't understand how it works. It is still a mystery - a genuine puzzle in biology.
They don't code for memory, but for instinct: two distinctly different things.
Right. that was my mistake. I was referring to memory as images or recognition mechanisms that would need to be stored in order for an organism to recognize food, shelter, danger, etc... That could all be grouped under instinct I guess. But the point is more that I don't believe we understand how that process happens. Developmental biology is a fairly new field and has soooo much to discover. There is very little known about how the DNA and epigenetic marks function to control development and formation of complex, highly organized tissues, organs and systems. We have learn some things, but the whole area of development, instinct and memory remain clouded in mystery.
we can conclude that there are genetic components to fear in general, and it can probably create susceptability to more specific fears (snakes, spiders, heights, whatever).
I have no doubt that most (if not all behaviors) have a genetic component. If nothing else, a disposition to behave in a certain way; ie. some people are prone to be angry and violent, some are prone to be happy and carefree. Our personalities have a definite genetic component, but we don't understand too much about it yet.

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ringo
Member (Idle past 412 days)
Posts: 20940
From: frozen wasteland
Joined: 03-23-2005


Message 114 of 153 (594659)
12-04-2010 1:21 PM
Reply to: Message 110 by herebedragons
12-03-2010 8:06 PM


herebedragons writes:
My 3 year old is leery (but not quite afraid) of spiders, but he calls almost every thing that creeps and crawls a spider. I think its more of just being uncomfortable with creatures that are different and a bit creepy (although the idea of what is "creepy" may be kind of instinctive).
To add to the anecdote-pile: I have a deep-seated hatred/fear of spiders. I don't just kill them on sight; I pound them to powder. Yet I have no fear whatsovever of bees or wasps, even though they're arguably more dangerous.
(Yes, I did have a bad encounter with a wasps' nest as a child but there have been no negative effects. No, I didn't even know that spiders could bite until long after my fear of them was well-established.)
The only six-legged creature that I will willingly kill is a mosquito but that's mostly a matter of self-defense, I think.
I also don't like centipedes and snakes, which is why I joke that it's too many legs or not enough legs that bothers me. (On the other hand, I have nothing against fish.)

"I'm Rory Bellows, I tell you! And I got a lot of corroborating evidence... over here... by the throttle!"

This message is a reply to:
 Message 110 by herebedragons, posted 12-03-2010 8:06 PM herebedragons has replied

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Blue Jay
Member (Idle past 2698 days)
Posts: 2843
From: You couldn't pronounce it with your mouthparts
Joined: 02-04-2008


Message 115 of 153 (594700)
12-04-2010 4:49 PM
Reply to: Message 97 by Taq
12-02-2010 3:50 PM


Re: Amygdala & Fear
Hi, Taq.
Taq writes:
We have patterns associated with danger hard wired into the most primitive portions of our brains.
Well, it's really not reasonable to suggest that spiders have been a big enough danger to our ancestors to have influenced human evolution.
Spider bites rarely noticeably influence an individual's biological fitness, so it's difficult to see how the specific fear of spiders would improve fitness predictably enough to make a difference. There may be more of a case to make for snakes, given the bigger and more predictable danger they pose, but I am completely out of my expertise there.
I suspect that the ability for pattern recognition, as a general cognitive trait, is hard-wired due to natural selection for danger avoidance; but the individual patterns that are recognized are not hard-wired.

-Bluejay (a.k.a. Mantis, Thylacosmilus)
Darwin loves you.

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Itinerant Lurker
Member (Idle past 2656 days)
Posts: 67
Joined: 12-12-2008


Message 116 of 153 (594709)
12-04-2010 6:22 PM
Reply to: Message 115 by Blue Jay
12-04-2010 4:49 PM


Re: Amygdala & Fear
Agreed, the way other cultures deal with creepy crawlies makes me think we westerners may have just watched Arachnophobia too many times.
Lurker

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bluescat48
Member (Idle past 4189 days)
Posts: 2347
From: United States
Joined: 10-06-2007


Message 117 of 153 (594710)
12-04-2010 6:44 PM
Reply to: Message 116 by Itinerant Lurker
12-04-2010 6:22 PM


Re: Amygdala & Fear
A lot of it is how they were brought up.
For example, I am a seafood freak. Such things as clams, oysters, crab, lobster etc. The two that freak some people out are squid & octopus. To others escargot (snails). While I was statioed in Korea, I used to eat in a number of small semi-outdoor restaurants. I was enjoying a meal of squid in a chililike sauce when 2 GIs walked by. One looked at what I was eating and nearly puked.

There is no better love between 2 people than mutual respect for each other WT Young, 2002
Who gave anyone the authority to call me an authority on anything. WT Young, 1969
Since Evolution is only ~90% correct it should be thrown out and replaced by Creation which has even a lower % of correctness. W T Young, 2008

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herebedragons
Member (Idle past 857 days)
Posts: 1517
From: Michigan
Joined: 11-22-2009


Message 118 of 153 (595023)
12-06-2010 9:50 AM
Reply to: Message 114 by ringo
12-04-2010 1:21 PM


which is why I joke that it's too many legs or not enough legs that bothers me.
I believe I saw where you had said this up-thread. It goes along with my idea that we are afraid of things we perceive as creepy-crawly. Do you have cicadas where you are from? scared the @#$% out of me first time I saw one (the nymph in particular). I am not afraid of them now that I know what they are and that they are harmless (they sure don't look harmless).
Personally, any fear I have of animals is based on a threat or perceived threat. I am not afraid of snakes, but when I was kicking around in an abandoned barn one day and heard a rattlesnake rattle, I was scared. I am not particularly afraid of bears, but if I ran into a 300# black bear in the woods, I would definitely be worried. A 1000# grizzly - very afraid!
You seem to be suggesting that your fear of spiders is instinctive. What about your parents and siblings? Do they share your fear of spiders? Even if they are it could be said that they "taught" you to fear spiders. It is curious, though, that you had a bad encounter with wasps as a child and haven't developed a fear of them, but don't seem to have a reason for your fear of spiders.
My personal opinion is that these types of fears have to do mostly with temperament and personality rather than an instinctive fear of a particular creature with a specific number of legs However, I do believe personality and temperament in particular, are based largely on genetics. So, deep seated fears would be indirectly genetic. Of course, I don't have a whole lot of data or research to support this. I am just basing it on personal observations and the limited research I have done.

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barbara
Member (Idle past 4802 days)
Posts: 167
Joined: 07-19-2010


Message 119 of 153 (595027)
12-06-2010 10:26 AM
Reply to: Message 118 by herebedragons
12-06-2010 9:50 AM


Fears
I have to agree that it must be genetics because I should fear bees. When I was a kid I sat in a hive of yellow jackets and those bees followed me to my house 2 blocks away. I was stung luckily only 6 six times but the next day a bee was still in my house because I was stung again.
This happened back east and now I live in Arizona and I was stung again a couple of years ago. One thing I did notice is their venom is much stronger than the bees back east. I became ill from that sting.

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Stephen Push
Member (Idle past 4859 days)
Posts: 140
From: Virginia, USA
Joined: 10-08-2010


Message 120 of 153 (595040)
12-06-2010 11:23 AM
Reply to: Message 94 by Blue Jay
12-02-2010 12:30 PM


Re: Amygdala & Fear
Bluejay writes:
Spider bites can be annoying and painful, and so it makes sense for humans to develop behavioral aversions to them. But, to claim an evolutionary significance for arachnophobia requires spiders to have had a significant impact on human fitness, and I just don't see that as plausible.
  1. The Old World, where humans evolved, doesn't have any spiders that are known to have killed people, and only a handful that are known to cause significant health effects, although these are so uncommonly encountered by humans that bites are almost never reported.
  2. In Asia, where the most dangerous Old World spiders occur, people regularly eat spiders, so I don't see arachnophobia being a major component of human evolution there.
  3. The only spiders known to have caused fatalities (only four taxa) are native to Australia and the Americas.
The best explanation for arachnophobia is as a learned or cultural behavior. But, I have no idea about the causes and explanations for ophidiophobia (fear of snakes).
Thank you for sharing your knowledge of spiders. I assume you are referring to extant species. While your evidence is suggestive, it doesn’t rule out the possibility that our ancestors encountered more dangerous species that are now extinct. In fact, it is possible that a genetic predisposition to learn to fear spiders and snakes started with mammalian ancestors that predated the first primates.
While the facts you mention cast doubt on the evolutionary threat hypothesis, there is a fair amount of empirical evidence on the other side of the issue. In a recent study, Vanessa LoBue of Rutgers University writes:
Evidence of a predisposition to learn to fear evolutionary threats comes from experiments with rhesus monkeys and human adults. Research with laboratory-reared rhesus monkeys has shown that they selectively learn to fear stimuli such as snakes from observing a conspecific after very few trials. Furthermore, research with human adults has shown superior conditioning of skin conductance responses when participants are conditioned to associate an electric shock with spider and snake stimuli compared with neutral stimuli (see hman & Mineka, 2001, for a review). Together, this research provides evidence supporting the idea that both human adults and non-human primates learn more quickly to fear evolutionary threats than neutral stimuli.
LoBue’s paper provides the first evidence of enhanced visual detection of spiders in young children. She writes:
In a series of experiments, preschoolers and adults were asked to find the single spider picture among an array of eight mushrooms or cockroaches or the reverse. Both children and adults detected the presence of spiders more rapidly than both categories of distracter stimuli. Furthermore, there was no difference between the detection of two neutral stimuli (cockroaches vs. mushrooms).
A previous study in preschoolers showed similar results for snakes. Although it is possible that there were cultural influences on the preschoolers, these studies suggest a genetic predisposition because the researchers were measuring visual attention, not fear, and because even people who did not fear spiders or snakes showed greater visual attention to those putative evolutionary threats.

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